This study aims to determine the construct validity of the Multi-dimensional Blue ocean strategy Scale within the telecommunication market in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study involves a quantitative investigate approach via a questionnaire-based survey of all individuals working in the telecommunication market in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan which totalling about (1000) individuals. A total of (150) respondent returned questionnaires, of which (23) questionnaires were discarded due to the lack of some information. Thus, the total of (127) valid questionnaires was finally obtained. A Structural Equation Modeling was used through exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Amos Ver. 22 to evaluate construct validity. The study reveals that the blue ocean strategy constructs consisted multiple factors confirmed that the loadings for seventeen items were over (0.50). The study provides practical evidence for the testable scales that are both reliable and valid. This gives a new practical insight into blue ocean strategy philosophy. As to the managerial implications, blue ocean strategy dimensions cover most of the Initiatives used in the organizations which will affect the levels of excellence superiority on the long range. The study contributes to scientific assistance in business strategy domain. Furthermore, blue ocean strategy philosophy, validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, is a thorough and reliable measure considering the value of developing blue ocean strategy dimensions in the organizations, as well as the gap in business strategy literature that relevant to the development of a scale of blue ocean strategy dimensions.

Keywords: Blue Ocean Strategy, Structural Equation Modeling, Telecommunication Market and Jordan.

This research aimed to identify the Labor Law category as being mandatory included by registering at the Jordanian Social Security, and the excluded category in this regard. Therefore, it is important to talk about laborers in relation to the effective labor law and those who have work relations with their employers as well as public employees or servants who are not subject to the civil or military retirement law. In addition, it is important to discuss this issue in relation to the Jordanian laborers who are working at theinternational and regional missions, diplomatic, political, foreign and Arabic military missions in the Kingdom as well as consulates and their affiliate technical and educational centers. Also, the minor laborers and trainees are included in this discussion as well as the categories excluded from the Jordanian Social Security Law such as house servants and so on.

Keywords: Social Security, Insurance, Individuals, Labors Laws, Jordan.

This paper aims to present and discuss the results of the theoretical revision and measurement strategies of Quality of Experience (QoE) in telecommunication services adopted by The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and others researchers on the subject; propose conceptual delimitation and measurement of QoE, under the Expectation Disconfirmation Theory that contemplates psychological constructs already established in the literature and by empirical studies; and demonstrate that QoE-related modeling essentially involves psychological constructs and, as such, should be guided by psychological theories consolidated in the literature and be measured by instruments that capture the breadth of these phenomena, constructed and validated by psychometric techniques. Based on the literature review and discussion on theoretical positions, it is concluded that QoE refers to the satisfaction construct. It is a component of the Expectation Disconfirmation Theory; dependent variable within the process in which perceived quality (performance) is moderated by expectation; and a psychological process, as such, must be measured by means of instruments that capture this reality, and by psychological instruments constructed and based on psychometric principles.

Keywords: Quality of Experience, QoE, Quality of Service, QoS, Satisfaction, Perceived Quality.

A South African manufacturing company opened its head office in Africa about four decades ago. Over the years, the company has been doing business with the rest of Africa through exporting and had reached a point where it needed to consider other ways of expanding its business across the continent. The purpose of the study was to investigate the international business growth challenges the firm faces. The study employed a qualitative methodology where eight managers were purposively selected from 22 managers engaged in international assignments. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data gathered from the interview narratives. The study findings revealed that the company conducted its business by way of exporting its products into Africa and created resources for the countries it had business with while benefiting from technology and innovation transfer in the long-run. However, the firm suffered political interference, language barriers, and corruption, as some of the serious hindrances of doing business across the continent. In addition, the study concluded that international business success depended on politics and the economy, calling for organisations engaged in international assignments to cautiously expand their business beyond borders. The study recommended that a similar study is conducted in other organisations that do business with the rest of Africa in order to obtain a balanced view of the growth challenges.

Keywords: Export Business, Innovation Transfer, International Business Growth.

The study aimed at identifying the extent of adoption of Islamic work ethics for retail trade in Palestine from the point of view of their customers. The researcher selected a list of the retailers in Palestine, a stratified random sample of (322) retail customers was selected. The researcher developed a questionnaire as the main research tools. It consisted of a set of paragraphs examining the extent to which the retailers in Palestine adopts the ethics of Islamic work from the point of view of their customers. The results of the study indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the total degrees of retail trade in Palestine in relation to the commodity; furthermore, results indicate that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between (0.05) between the total score of the retail trade practices in Palestine and the Islamic work ethic. Based on the results of the study, the researcher made recommendations such as the necessity on the retailer’s part abide by the ethical obligations of informing customers about the products, Clarity and accuracy in their relationship with customers, The retailer must avoid high-price practices for some goods to make the consumer fancy that they are of high quality, not to reduce the price of goods that are about to expire, and not to declare the price of the commodity to be higher than the real price.

Keywords: Retail, Islamic Work Ethics, Commodity, Consumer, Promotion.

Despite being closely linked in practice, privacy, risk and security are perceived as separate issues by online users. Therefore, in this article the relationship between various privacy factors (factors that influence users’ privacy concerns), risk and the perception of security protection during users’ online activities are discussed. The role that perceived privacy, risk and perceived security have on the internet service users’ evaluation of a service is investigated. The study population comprises of bank customers at various locations and branches in Ondo state, Ekiti state, Lagos state, Kwara state, Kaduna state and Abuja respectively. Random sampling technique was adopted in the study for a total sampling size of two hundred (200) bank customers through a well-structured questionnaires which were adopted and remodified. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used for the analysis of the retrieved questionnaire such as frequency, percentage, correlation and regression analysis respectively. The correlation between variables indicated strong positive correlation between variables; the correlations are significant at .01 which are within acceptable confidence level. The model however, displayed a good fit and the null hypotheses were therefore, rejected and it was concluded that there is significant relationship between customers’ perception of privacy, risk and security on internet banking.

Keywords: Banking Industry, Internet banking, Risk, Security, Privacy.

Act no. 19/2003 sets out the legal framework applicable to the portuguese electoral campaigns’ accounts, which are audited by the Constitutional Court. The present investigation aims to study if this framework ensures the faithful representation of the reported information. We analysed the electoral campaigns’ accounts to the Assembly of the Republic of years 2005, 2009 and 2011. The main conclusion is the lack of reliability of these accounts, with the existence of recurrent infractions common to various parties, being worth to mention the low fines applied in relation to the infraction amounts. It should be noted that the accounts are submitted without being rectified and that the revenues/expenses with infractions are kept in the accounts (also contributing to the amount of the government grant received). Thus, one can conclude that the benefits that political parties may obtain from such infractions will be greater than the cost of any fines, which may limit the scope of the legal framework in question.

Keywords: Electoral Campaigns, Accounts, Reliability, Irregularities, Illegalities.

This research is about the meaning, method and importance of consumers who involve in food and cultural tourism. The results showed that, the meanings of cultural consumption is different according to the varieties of periods and environments. The meaning of cultural consumption consists of these important factors 1) Value Creation 2) Meaning Creation and 3) Difference Creation which was developed into strategy tools. Changing the manners of consumers by supporting markets, especially, the relation of food and tourism by using cultural consumption method. Consumers will have alternative consumption, experience and satisfaction which lead to income making and sustainable economy of country.

Keywords: Consumer Culture, Food, Cultural Tourism.

This study examines the relationship between board gender diversity and corporate risk-taking among Jordanian companies. Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression and Panel Data regression are used in this study to examine the relationship between these variables. Results indicate that the presence of women directors can mitigate corporate risk-taking a while; male-only board leads to higher level of firm risk-taking. This study concludes that board gender diversity can be used as a monitoring agent to mitigate corporate risk-taking, supporting the regulator‟s initiative to promote gender diversity in the corporate boardrooms.

Keywords: Board gender Diversity, Corporate Risk-taking.