Internal marketing data twentieth century, in 1976, and is related to work as a product and employees as internal customers, who are the ones who have to be satisfied with what they do in order to know successfully the objectives of the institutions. The objective of this research was to develop a model of Internal Marketing for the Polytechnic University of Tulancingo, as a trigger to achieve the commitment of workers was quantitative type, not experimental, transversal descriptive and explanatory type, the hypotheses raised were: management of communication and positively affects attitudes and directly in the internal customer satisfaction and the job of this one satisfaction has a direct and positive effect on internal customer commitment to the organization. It was performed through Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC): the research instrument comprised the consensus of workers, except UPT directors, was applied. The results obtained were the Management of Internal Communication Management Attitudes, Job Satisfaction of internal customers, internal Customer Loyalty, allow the Internal Customer Commitment to the Organization. Key Words: Internal Marketing, Internal Clients, Management Attitudes, Internal Communication Management, Job Satisfaction, Engagement.

The main objective of this article is to study three types of budgetary systems than have been used for the past fifty years. The article is going to discuss the framework of each system, and show the benefits that can be gained from adapting each system. It also highlights the impediments that emerged from using such systems. The implementation of both PPBS and ZBB evinced that both systems suffered from many problems and incremental budgeting is still applicable and useful for all times. Key Words: Budgeting, Decision Making, Incremental Budget, Planning Programing Budgeting System, Zero Based Budget.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to growing body of research on Demarketing concept which is based on the Marketing theory, while concentrating on Ostensible Demarketing strategies especially the Ostensible and their uses in improving product image in the minds of customers through the usage of the deployed marketing techniques as the main framework of analysis and application. Depending on the marketing technology and the techniques specific to marketing studies and Demarketing then this implementation study depends on a questionnaire to collect the required data from 312 customers, the information collected was based on a primary exploration study with the purpose of constructing and designing a study model. As well as arbitrating the study hypotheses, in addition to the literatures related to Demarketing, its strategies, and the tools used in the ostensible strategy. All the factors with an apparent contribution/effect on consumers perception and improving product value in their minds but in different and varying degrees, as there is a positive significant relationship between all the factors considered in this study model in varying degrees of strength. Restrictions due to the period/time and some difficulties related to the acceptance of customers to answer the questionnaire which took some time and the effort used to convince them to answer it. The results of this study is of a great benefit to business organizations which work on improving their products' value in the customers mind through the usage of Demarketing strategies especially the Ostensible Demarketing strategy and their executive tools, subsequently, these results can be considered as a launching base to future studies that can help business corporations in that direction. This study is an attempt to clarify the effect of the application of this Strategy on the improvement of product image on the customer perception, as this subject is important for different business organizations, in addition to this study which obviously has taken a different direction than any previous studies in Demarketing Strategy which subsequently will improve the worth and originality of this area. Key Words: Ostensible Demarketing Strategy, Demand, Perception, Product Quality, Customer’s Minds.

Organizations in all business aspects are coming to view knowledge management as the most valuable and strategic assets, and trying hard to look for new ways to improve their performance through multiple characteristics like innovation and knowledge management which should be already embedded in organization. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Knowledge Management Processes, Organizational Innovation and Organizational Performance in the context of telecommunication and information technology industry. More specifically, the main objective of the study is to investigate the mediating effect of Organizational Innovation on the relationship between Knowledge Management Processes and Organizational Performance. The proposed model was tested on data were obtain through survey conducted on managers of Jordanian telecommunication and information technology companies. Multiple regression and path analysis using SPSS- AMOS 18 was conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the multi-item scales and to test the hypothesized relationships. However, the findings confirm a positive and strong effect of Knowledge Management Processes on Organizational Innovation and Organizational Performance. Result also indicates a positive effect of Organizational Innovation on Organizational Performance. In addition, the results provide evidence of the mediating effect of Organizational Innovation on the relationship between Knowledge Management Processes and Organizational Performance. The findings contribute to understanding the relationship between Knowledge Management Processes, Organizational Innovation and Organizational Performance. Key Words: Knowledge Management Processes, Organizational Innovation, Organizational Performance.

The importance of having a solid knowledge background during projects has already been established. However, making this knowledge circulate still causes many problems, that reflect in all aspects of project teamwork and influence the achievement of the set project goals. This paper presents the findings of a nationwide survey of Czech companies analyzing knowledge transfer practices and frequent issues that appear during projects. Based on the identified breakdowns a set of recommendations is designed. The proposed solution builds upon the creation and implementation of an online platform connecting the properties of a communication channel and knowledge brokering system. Apart from general framework, this paper also provides a case study example illustrating how knowledge transfer can become more effective by implementing a project platform along with simple fill in forms and same basic ground rules. In order to achieve the fullest capture of knowledge (both tacit and explicit) as possible the case study platform also demonstrates the impacts of including social networking tools as an internal communication and knowledge brokering channel. Key Words: Knowledge Brokering Systems, Breakdowns In Communication, Project Workflow, Lack of Knowledge, Knowledge Transfer Inhibitors.

This study aimed to measure the level of service quality of banks from the prospective of their clients in Saudi Arabia with the application to the city of Jeddah. Data were collected and analyzed from 167 respondents who worked in a variety of jobs in the city and patronized with different banks. The study covered five areas of the banking system, each of which included two quality dimensions. Those areas were; employees of the bank (courtesy and responsiveness), branches of the bank (accessibility and tangibility), financial services (knowledge and competence), electronic services (communication and assurance) and confidentiality of data and satisfaction with services (credibility and reliability). The study revealed that respondents thought that banks had in general well-trained and highly professional employees. The service quality of the branches conduct such as waiting time, duration of the completion of services and number of employees were found not to be of high manner. In addition, the quality of the third item showed that respondents were not highly satisfied with the financial services such as financial solutions and Sharia compatible products. On the other hand, banks appeared to have very sophisticated electronic venues that covered a wide variety of services. The study showed that satisfaction with the banks was high among respondents and their loyalty was high as well. In addition, the study showed that female clients, youths under the age of 25 years old, high income people and the highly educated clients were found to be more positive about banks' service quality. Key Words: Quality, Assessment, Services, Dimensions, Clients, Banks, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The paper demonstrates that inventive business approaches to marketing can enhance business growth. It is based on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) using the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve marketing through value engineering (VE) to increase business benefits while lowering costs. Nineteen (19) socially responsible small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the West Rand area of Johannesburg, South Africa, in the years 2011 to 2014 were investigated. The purpose of the original study was to evaluate how social responsibility was related to the SMEs marketing endeavour to increase business benefits, lower costs and provide sustainable growth, among other benefits. The SME owners were sampled through purposive sampling. The study showed that social responsibility initiatives translated to word-of-mouth marketing. There were no monetary costs incurred, the SMEs gained some competitive advantage, business sustainability and enhanced profitability of the companies. The results cannot be generalised, but possibilities of benchmarks exist in the study findings. Business growth and increased profits are economic factors. Hence, the study is one method for enhancing and improving the economy. Key Words: Added Value, Business Sustainability, Cost Saving, CSR, Marketing, Profitability.

Many researchers during the 21st century believe that both Total Quality Management (TQM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) as a vital strategy for manufacturing, and services and its implications covered all small, medium and large scale enterprises. The purpose of this an analytical study was Measure the impact of Total Quality Management and Supply Chain Management practices on the Firm's Performance in Oil Pipelines Company (OPC) in Baghdad, Iraq. The study utilized primary Data was collected through questioners survey conducted during August 2015, questioners was distributed among the managers of Oil Pipelines Company in Iraq which is expected to has a best knowledge about the TQM & SCM and its impact on the firm's performance. This study supports the main hypothesis, that (TQMP) & (SCMP) positively impact the firm performance, and tested using Path Analysis performed by AMOS software package. The main finding proves that there is a strong relationship between TQM and SCM practices and dimensions on firm's performance. The main conclusion shows that (TQMP) & (SCMP) have positive and significant effect on Firm Performance, and this is clarified through the extrusive Firm Performance change whenever the TQM and the SCM Practices change. Key Words: Quality Management (QM), Total Quality Management Practices (TQMP), Supply Chain Management Practices (SCMP), Firm Performance (FP), Oil Pipelines Company (OPC).

This study’s objectives were to explore the presence of stress dimensions, the attitudes of staff about responding to violence, and the relationship between the two variables in eight Jordanian public hospitals. A questionnaire measuring the presence of stress dimensions (developed by the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive) and staffs’ attitudes about responses to violence (adopted by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), was distributed to 1,130 employees (response rate: 73%). The study found moderate levels of stress and staff’s acceptance of violent responses to violence. A significant positive relationship between the presence of stress dimensions and the acceptance of violent responses to violent behavior was found. Thus, hospitals must develop a clear mission statement, ensure the development and implementation of necessary policies and procedures, establish clear coordination and communication processes, and implement training programs to help staff manage issues related to violence. Key Words: Stress Dimensions, Workplace Violence, Public hospitals, Jordan.