This study examines the transformational and transformational leadership theory among the employees and managers at functional levels in IT research and development department of three major cities of Pakistan. The reason of choosing this business sector is its sizable contributions and significance in the regional economy as it is more involved in technological advancements and business development. More specifically, there is more dependence of economy on professionals and expatriate workers, which creates a challenging and rich environment for the models of leadership. This paper is testing the effects of both transactional and transformational leadership styles of supervisors/ managers on job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employees. Data is collected from the managers and employees working in IT research and development department in Pakistan. Results reveals a positive effect of both transformational and transactional leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, but this effect is more in case of transactional leadership. Importantly, results are challenging the view that both styles of leadership are necessary conditions for the operationalization of leadership. All findings of analysis are discussed and future recommendations are outlined. Key Words: Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment.

Work ethics among employees has been extensively studied since it is believed to influence job performance. One of the elements of work ethics is workplace environments that represent job satisfaction, organizational factors and clients. Research evidences showed that, the element plays a vital role in producing positive employees. This has become the reason for employers to be champions in mastering all the important factors that lead to an employee’s high performance, especially those in the government sector where job performance is a crucial issue to be discussed. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between workplace environments and civil servants’ job performance in Shah Alam, Selangor. This survey based correlation study using a simple random sampling technique where 150 respondents are selected from 10 government offices. Questionnaires were personally distributed with 100 percent rate of return. The data gathered is analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) through descriptive statistic and Pearson Product Moment Correlation test. The findings found that two major elements in the workplace; workplace environment and job performance have a weak association. The finding of this study is very critical since it can help the employers in improving the worker satisfaction especially through adjusting the workplace environments in which as a result will increase the level of their job performance. Key Words: Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, Workplace Environment.

The objective of recent study is to determine the effect of social capital and employee’s job satisfaction on organizational performance in agriculture jihad organization of Kerman province. This study is a descriptive- correlation research that has been conducted through the survey method. Also this research is according to purpose the applied method. The statistical population of this research has been included of all employees in agriculture jihad organization of Kerman province and numbers of 181 persons have been selected as volume of sample according to Morgan’s table. The data gathering tool was questionnaires of social capital, job satisfaction and organizational performance. To analyze the data have been used descriptive and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling through path analysis) and the data has been analyzed with SPSS and LISREL softwares. The findings of research indicated that social capital beyond its direct impact, exerts indirect impact on organizational performance through the mediation of employee’s job satisfaction and the extent of indirect impact is significantly higher than direct impact. Key Words: Social Capital, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Performance, Iran.

This study investigated whether employees’ job satisfaction mediates effect between Leadership Styles and Patients Satisfaction in the Jordanian Public Hospitals. Data was collected using questionnaire from a sample of 672 employees (doctors and nurses) and 672 patients from the Jordanian Public Hospitals. Using SPSS and AMOS, the findings show that employees’ job satisfaction mediated the effect between leadership styles and patients satisfaction. The research contributes to the body of knowledge and supports the role of employees’ job satisfaction mediated the effect between leadership styles and patients satisfaction. Key Words: Employees’ Job Satisfaction, Leadership Styles, Patients Satisfaction, Jordanian Public Hospitals.

The purpose of this research was to study the integration model of trust, satisfaction and other factors corresponding to TAM which had effected toward the intention to reuse internet business transaction. Four hundred questionnaires were disseminated through Facebook to social media users and complete data from 297 respondents who had experienced on internet business transactions were analyzed through PLSgraph and Two-stage Least Square (2SLS) techniques. The findings revealed that satisfaction had reciprocal effect with trust and had high effect toward the intention to reuse internet business transaction. However, even trust and PEOU had no direct effect toward intention to reuse internet business transaction, integration of TAM, ECT and trust could be used to answer the research questions under this context. Key Words: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Trust, Satisfaction, PLS, 2SLS.

For the Global Value Chain paradigm governance is a keyword. It establishes guidelines for its performance. In the case of the Horticulture Value Chain with an ample historical development between the regions of Mexico (Sinaloa) and the United States, the governance evolution has been characterized by leading agents with expertise in consumer’s preferences. Throughout this historical process these agents have changed accordingly to the new properties of the market demands. Producing strategic changes in organizations, implemented and managed, to develop advantages in order to face competition and establish themselves in the preference of the leaders’ favorite clients. To understand these changes we made a reconstruction of the economic history of horticulture export through qualitative methodology. We interviewed producers and distributors as well as public sector institutions that are part of the process. This study is useful to understand how the new market trends impact in decision-making and the implementation of strategic organizational changes and comprehend the evolution of the sector over time. Key Words: Global Value Chain, Agriculture, Management, Supermarket, Retailers, Wholesalers,

Consumer Trends.

The benefits of a booming SME sector can be seen in the creation of a sound industrial base for an emerging economy. It ranges from the provision of employment, sources of subsistence, equitable distribution of incomes to its citizens, to deployment of domestic savings for investments. It also include, but not limited, to the increase in capital financial gains, important contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), harnessing of native raw materials, curtailing rural-urban migration and efficient utilization of a nation’s resource, as can be seen in the case of Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, etc. These are countries that were built on a dynamic SME sector. However, many less developed economies have not been able to fully utilize the many benefits of this sector, perhaps due to ignorance. This review examined the extent to which these social agents (SMEs) which have liberalized several economies of the developed countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Wider Europe and the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) is being treated with levity within the developing economies. The study however, focuses on the SMEs operating within the Nigerian state. It employed in its entirety the review of secondary data. And findings revealed a plethora of issues. Of note was the fact that despite the benefits of this vibrant sector to the Nigerian economy, the government policies, infrastructures, finances amongst others are not favorable for its growth and sustainability. The authors recommend that the Nigerian government as well as government of other developing economies must invest substantially to the growth, development and sustainability of SMEs through the provision of essential infrastructures, manpower, microfinance, security and adequate policy framework. Key Words: Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, Entrepreneurship, Economic development, Nigeria, BRICS.

The empirical results show that the AIGARCH (1, 1) model is appropriate in evaluating the volatility model of the Hong Kong’s stock market. The empirical result also indicates that the Hong Kong’s stock market has an asymmetrical effect. The volatility of the Hong Kong stock market receives the influence of the good and bad news of the Japan, the U.K. and the Canada stock markets. For example, under the > 0 t RJAPAN (good news), the > 0 t RUK (good news) and the > 0 t RCANA (good news), the variation risk of the Hong Kong stock market is the highest (B81= 0.9879 81). Under the RJAPAN t < 0 (bad news), the RUKt > 0 (good news) and RCANAt < 0 (bad news), the variation risk of the Hong Kong stock market is the lowest (B31= 0.8242 31). Key Words: Stock Market, Volatility Rate, Asymmetric Effect, IGARCH Model, AIGARCH Model.

Entrepreneurship is regarded as the driver of economic growth, sustainability and competiveness. It contributes to job growth and innovation in an economy. Globally, entrepreneurship is dominated by two generational cohorts of Generation X and Y. Understanding the factors that predict their entrepreneurial intent is pertinent because intention is a precedent of entrepreneurial behavior. Most researches carried out on the entrepreneurial intent of generation X and Y cohorts have been done in the west but few research has been done in the Asian context. Hence, this research examines the differences in entrepreneurial intent of Generation X and Y in the Asian context with emphasis on Malaysia. The results suggested there are differences between the two generations in their capabilities, network and self independence as predictors of entrepreneurial intent. This further validates generational theory and shows similarities in the results of earlier studies carried out in the west. Key Words: Entrepreneurship Capability, Network, Self Independence, Entrepreneurial intent, Generation X, Generation Y.

This article is based on a research work done on Administrative Legal Framework of Central-Local Government relationship and its implication on the local autonomy in Mainland Tanzania. The study of Central-Local Government administrative relationship is crucial in decentralized systems of administration because it directly affects the autonomy and ability of local government authorities to respond to public demands for services. Tanzania has undergone several Local Government reforms. The two phases of the 1990s Local Government reform programme which ended in 2014, (among other objectives) aimed at reviewing the Central-Local Government administrative relationship to make Local Governments Authorities (LGAs) stronger and more autonomous in services delivery. Nevertheless, the said legal framework is still found different pieces of legislation, fuzzy and yet tailored to devolution and local autonomy. Harmonization of central and sector legislation; enactment of a comprehensive local government law and Constitutional review must be made if administrative devolution and local autonomy in services delivery are to be realized. Key Words: Administrative Legal Framework, Central-Local Government Relationship, Administrative Devolution; Local Government Autonomy.